Watchtower/Law library/Companies Act 2006/988 Associates
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Companies Act 2006 · Chapter 3 “Squeeze-out” and “Sell-out”

988 Associates

s. 988 · in force: yes

Captured statutory text (L5)

988 Associates

(1)In this Chapter “associate”, in relation to an offeror, means—
(a)a nominee of the offeror,
(b)a holding company, subsidiary or fellow subsidiary of the offeror or a nominee of such a holding company, subsidiary or fellow subsidiary,
(c)a body corporate in which the offeror is substantially interested,
(d)a person who is, or is a nominee of, a party to a share acquisition agreement with the offeror, or
(e)(where the offeror is an individual) his spouse or civil partner and any minor child or step-child of his.
(2)For the purposes of subsection (1)(b) a company is a fellow subsidiary of another body corporate if both are subsidiaries of the same body corporate but neither is a subsidiary of the other.
(3)For the purposes of subsection (1)(c) an offeror has a substantial interest in a body corporate if—
(a)the body or its directors are accustomed to act in accordance with his directions or instructions, or
(b)he is entitled to exercise or control the exercise of one-third or more of the voting power at general meetings of the body.
Subsections (2) and (3) of section 823 (which contain provision about when a person is treated as entitled to exercise or control the exercise of voting power) apply for the purposes of this subsection as they apply for the purposes of that section.
(4)For the purposes of subsection (1)(d) an agreement is a share acquisition agreement if—
(a)it is an agreement for the acquisition of, or of an interest in, shares to which the offer relates,
(b)it includes provisions imposing obligations or restrictions on any one or more of the parties to it with respect to their use, retention or disposal of such shares, or their interests in such shares, acquired in pursuance of the agreement (whether or not together with any other shares to which the offer relates or any other interests of theirs in such shares), and
(c)it is not an excluded agreement (see subsection (5)).
(5)An agreement is an “excluded agreement”—
(a)if it is not legally binding, unless it involves mutuality in the undertakings, expectations or understandings of the parties to it, or
(b)if it is an agreement to underwrite or sub-underwrite an offer of shares in a company, provided the agreement is confined to that purpose and any matters incidental to it.
(6)The reference in subsection (4)(b) to the use of interests in shares is to the exercise of any rights or of any control or influence arising from those interests (including the right to enter into an agreement for the exercise, or for control of the exercise, of any of those rights by another person).
(7)In this section—
(a)“agreement” includes any agreement or arrangement;
(b)references to provisions of an agreement include—
(i)undertakings, expectations or understandings operative under an arrangement, and
(ii)any provision whether express or implied and whether absolute or not.
Full captured verbatim text
(1) In this Chapter “associate”, in relation to an offeror, means—

(a) a nominee of the offeror,

(b) a holding company, subsidiary or fellow subsidiary of the offeror or a nominee of such a holding company, subsidiary or fellow subsidiary,

(c) a body corporate in which the offeror is substantially interested,

(d) a person who is, or is a nominee of, a party to a share acquisition agreement with the offeror, or

(e) (where the offeror is an individual) his spouse or civil partner and any minor child or step-child of his.

(2) For the purposes of subsection (1)(b) a company is a fellow subsidiary of another body corporate if both are subsidiaries of the same body corporate but neither is a subsidiary of the other.

(3) For the purposes of subsection (1)(c) an offeror has a substantial interest in a body corporate if—

(a) the body or its directors are accustomed to act in accordance with his directions or instructions, or

(b) he is entitled to exercise or control the exercise of one-third or more of the voting power at general meetings of the body.

Subsections (2) and (3) of section 823 (which contain provision about when a person is treated as entitled to exercise or control the exercise of voting power) apply for the purposes of this subsection as they apply for the purposes of that section.

(4) For the purposes of subsection (1)(d) an agreement is a share acquisition agreement if—

(a) it is an agreement for the acquisition of, or of an interest in, shares to which the offer relates,

(b) it includes provisions imposing obligations or restrictions on any one or more of the parties to it with respect to their use, retention or disposal of such shares, or their interests in such shares, acquired in pursuance of the agreement (whether or not together with any other shares to which the offer relates or any other interests of theirs in such shares), and

(c) it is not an excluded agreement (see subsection (5)).

(5) An agreement is an “excluded agreement”—

(a) if it is not legally binding, unless it involves mutuality in the undertakings, expectations or understandings of the parties to it, or

(b) if it is an agreement to underwrite or sub-underwrite an offer of shares in a company, provided the agreement is confined to that purpose and any matters incidental to it.

(6) The reference in subsection (4)(b) to the use of interests in shares is to the exercise of any rights or of any control or influence arising from those interests (including the right to enter into an agreement for the exercise, or for control of the exercise, of any of those rights by another person).

(7) In this section—

(a) “agreement” includes any agreement or arrangement;

(b) references to provisions of an agreement include—

(i) undertakings, expectations or understandings operative under an arrangement, and

(ii) any provision whether express or implied and whether absolute or not.

What this provision means

Model summary, checked against the text on the left.

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Associates in relation to offerors are defined to include nominees, group companies, substantial shareholdings, and agreement parties.

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Refers to

cross-reference internal_cite · s. 823

Referred to by

cross-reference internal_cite · s. 219

cross-reference internal_cite · s. 641

cross-reference internal_cite · s. 987

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Change history as published

S. 112A omitted (26.10.2023 for specified purposes, 26.1.2026 in so far as not already in force) by virtue of Economic Crime and Corporate Transparency Act 2023 (c. 56), ss. 49(2)(a), 219(1)(2)(b); S.I. 2026/57, reg. 2

Pt. 8 Ch. 2A omitted (26.10.2023 for specified purposes, 26.1.2026 in so far as not already in force) by virtue of Economic Crime and Corporate Transparency Act 2023 (c. 56), ss. 49(2)(b), 219(1)(2)(b); S.I. 2026/57, reg. 2 · repeated 11×

S. 159 omitted (26.10.2023 for specified purposes, 4.3.2024 in so far as not already in force) by virtue of Economic Crime and Corporate Transparency Act 2023 (c. 56), ss. 41(4), 219(1)(2)(b); S.I. 2024/269, reg. 2(z5)

Ss. 161A-167F omitted (26.10.2023 for specified purposes, 18.11.2025 in so far as not already in force) by virtue of Economic Crime and Corporate Transparency Act 2023 (c. 56), s. 219(1)(2)(b), Sch. 2 para. 2(a); S.I. 2025/1118, reg. 2(1)(i)(4) · repeated 13×

S. 274A-279F and cross-heading omitted (26.10.2023 for specified purposes, 18.11.2025 in so far as not already in force) by virtue of Economic Crime and Corporate Transparency Act 2023 (c. 56), s. 219(1)(2)(b), Sch. 2 para. 5; S.I. 2025/1118, reg. 2(1)(i)(4) · repeated 6×

S. 398 omitted (with application in accordance with reg. 1(2) of the amending S.I.) by virtue of The Companies, Partnerships and Groups (Accounts and Non-Financial Reporting) Regulations 2016 (S.I. 2016/1245), regs. 1(1), 3(2)(a)

S. 410 omitted (with effect in accordance with reg. 2(2)-(5) of the amending S.I.) by virtue of The Companies, Partnerships and Groups (Accounts and Reports) Regulations 2015 (S.I. 2015/980), regs. 2(1), 5(13) (with reg. 3)

S. 417 omitted (with effect in accordance with reg. 1(4) of the amending S.I.) by virtue of The Companies Act 2006 (Strategic Report and Directors' Report) Regulations 2013 (S.I. 2013/1970), reg. 1(2)(3)5

S. 427 omitted (with effect in accordance with reg. 1(4) of the amending S.I.) by virtue of The Companies Act 2006 (Strategic Report and Directors' Report) Regulations 2013 (S.I. 2013/1970), regs. 1(2)(3), 11

S. 428 omitted (with effect in accordance with reg. 1(4) of the amending S.I.) by virtue of The Companies Act 2006 (Strategic Report and Directors' Report) Regulations 2013 (S.I. 2013/1970), regs. 1(2)(3), 11

S. 429 omitted (with effect in accordance with reg. 1(4) of the amending S.I.) by virtue of The Companies Act 2006 (Strategic Report and Directors' Report) Regulations 2013 (S.I. 2013/1970), regs. 1(2)(3), 13

S. 449 omitted (with effect in accordance with reg. 2(2)-(5) of the amending S.I.) by virtue of The Companies, Partnerships and Groups (Accounts and Reports) Regulations 2015 (S.I. 2015/980), regs. 2(1), 8(8) (with reg. 3)

S. 450 omitted (with effect in accordance with reg. 2(2)-(5) of the amending S.I.) by virtue of The Companies, Partnerships and Groups (Accounts and Reports) Regulations 2015 (S.I. 2015/980), regs. 2(1), 8(9) (with reg. 3)

S. 487A omitted (with effect in accordance with reg. 1(6)(8) of the amending S.I.) by virtue of The Statutory Auditors and Third Country Auditors Regulations 2017 (S.I. 2017/516), regs. 1(2), 12(7)

S. 491A omitted (with effect in accordance with reg. 1(6)(8) of the amending S.I.) by virtue of The Statutory Auditors and Third Country Auditors Regulations 2017 (S.I. 2017/516), regs. 1(2), 12(13)

S. 512 omitted (1.10.2015) by virtue of Deregulation Act 2015 (c. 20), s. 115(7), Sch. 5 para. 2; S.I. 2015/1732, art. 2(d) (with arts. 4 6)

S. 517 omitted (1.10.2015) by virtue of Deregulation Act 2015 (c. 20), s. 115(7), Sch. 5 para. 4; S.I. 2015/1732, art. 2(d) (with arts. 4 6)

S. 780 omitted (26.5.2015) by virtue of Small Business, Enterprise and Employment Act 2015 (c. 26), s. 164(3)(g)(ii), Sch. 4 para. 26(1) (with Sch. 4 para. 26(2))

S. 1039 omitted (26.5.2015 for specified purposes, 1.10.2015 in so far as not already in force) by virtue of Small Business, Enterprise and Employment Act 2015 (c. 26), s. 164(1), Sch. 7 para. 25; S.I. 2015/1329, reg. 3(c); S.I. 2015/1689, reg. 2(g)

S. 1069 omitted (26.10.2023 for specified purposes, 5.3.2024 in so far as not already in force) by virtue of Economic Crime and Corporate Transparency Act 2023 (c. 56), ss. 75(3), 219(1)(2)(b); S.I. 2024/269, reg. 3

S. 1075 omitted (26.10.2023 for specified purposes, 4.3.2024 in so far as not already in force) by virtue of Economic Crime and Corporate Transparency Act 2023 (c. 56), ss. 80(2), 219(1)(2)(b); S.I. 2024/269, reg. 2(z22)

S. 1079A omitted (31.12.2020) by virtue of The Companies, Limited Liability Partnerships and Partnerships (Amendment etc.) (EU Exit) Regulations 2019 (S.I. 2019/348), reg. 2, Sch. 1 para. 19; 2020 c. 1, Sch. 5 para. 1(1)

S. 1087ZA omitted (26.10.2023 for specified purposes, 4.3.2024 in so far as not already in force) by virtue of Economic Crime and Corporate Transparency Act 2023 (c. 56), ss. 82(3), 219(1)(2)(b); S.I. 2024/269, reg. 2(z24)

S. 1095 omitted (26.10.2023 for specified purposes, 4.3.2024 in so far as not already in force) by virtue of Economic Crime and Corporate Transparency Act 2023 (c. 56), ss. 85(5), 219(1)(2)(b); S.I. 2024/269, reg. 2(z27)

S. 1095A omitted (26.10.2023 for specified purposes, 4.3.2024 in so far as not already in force) by virtue of Economic Crime and Corporate Transparency Act 2023 (c. 56), ss. 85(6), 219(1)(2)(b); S.I. 2024/269, reg. 2(z27)

S. 1175 omitted (26.5.2015) by virtue of Deregulation Act 2015 (c. 20), s. 115(3)(r), Sch. 23 para. 1

S. 1189 omitted (26.10.2023 for specified purposes, 4.3.2024 in so far as not already in force) by virtue of Economic Crime and Corporate Transparency Act 2023 (c. 56), ss. 42(a), 219(1)(2)(b); S.I. 2024/269, reg. 2(z6)

S. 1273 omitted (31.12.2020) by virtue of The Official Listing of Securities, Prospectus and Transparency (Amendment etc.) (EU Exit) Regulations 2019 (S.I. 2019/707), regs. 1(2), 39 (with savings in S.I. 2019/680, reg. 11 (as amended by S.I. 2019/1234, regs. 1(3), 29(2))); 2020 c. 1, Sch. 5 para. 1(1)

Sch. 9 omitted (26.5.2015) by virtue of Deregulation Act 2015 (c. 20), s. 115(3)(r), Sch. 23 para. 1 · repeated 16×

Sch. 10 Pt. 3 repealed (17.6.2016) by The Statutory Auditors and Third Country Auditors Regulations 2016 (S.I. 2016/649), reg. 1(1)(a), Sch. 3 para. 72 (with reg. 1(3)(8)(9)) · repeated 10×

Sch. 11A para. 53 repealed (1.4.2013) by Financial Services Act 2012 (c. 21), s. 122(3), Sch. 19 (with Sch. 20); S.I. 2013/423, art. 3, Sch.

Sch. 11A para. 64 omitted (1.10.2015) by virtue of Deregulation Act 2015 (c. 20), s. 115(7), Sch. 6 para. 22(15)(b); S.I. 2015/1732, art. 2(e)(vi) (with art. 7)

Sch. 15 para. 2 repealed (1.4.2013) by Financial Services Act 2012 (c. 21), s. 122(3), Sch. 19 (with Sch. 20); S.I. 2013/423, art. 3, Sch.

Sch. 15 para. 9 repealed (1.4.2013) by Financial Services Act 2012 (c. 21), s. 122(3), Sch. 19 (with Sch. 20); S.I. 2013/423, art. 3, Sch.

Parser observation, not a legal amendment: the publisher XML contains 1 empty paragraph element.

Pending effects amendments not yet applied to this text

Pt. 3 Ch. 3 excluded by Charities Act (Northern Ireland) 2008 s. 112(7) · Effective date unknown

Sch. 1 para. 6(4) words inserted by Charities Act (Northern Ireland) 2008 Sch. 8 para. 13(6) · Effective date unknown · Sch. 1 para. 6

s. 155 omitted by Small Business, Enterprise and Employment Act 2015 s. 87(2) · Effective date unknown · s. 155

s. 156(1) words substituted by Small Business, Enterprise and Employment Act 2015 s. 87(3)(a) · Effective date unknown · s. 156

s. 156(4) words substituted by Small Business, Enterprise and Employment Act 2015 s. 87(3)(b) · Effective date unknown · s. 156

Show all 44

s. 495(2)-(4) applied (with modifications) by Local Democracy, Economic Development and Construction Act 2009 s. 44(2)(b) · Effective date unknown · s. 495

s. 496-501 applied (with modifications) by Local Democracy, Economic Development and Construction Act 2009 s. 44(2)(b) · Effective date unknown

s. 498-501 applied (with modifications) by Local Democracy, Economic Development and Construction Act 2009 s. 44(3)(b) · Effective date unknown

s. 834(5) words inserted by Finance Act 2009 Sch. 22 para. 11(4) · Effective date unknown · s. 834

s. 394C(2)(b) substituted by The Accounts and Reports (Amendment) (EU Exit) Regulations 2019 Sch. 2 para. 6(a) · Effective date unknown · s. 394C

s. 448C(2)(b) substituted by The Accounts and Reports (Amendment) (EU Exit) Regulations 2019 Sch. 2 para. 14(a) · Effective date unknown · s. 448C

s. 479A amendment to earlier affecting provision S.I. 2008/1911, reg. 34A by The Statutory Auditors and Third Country Auditors (Amendment) (EU Exit) Regulations 2019 reg. 50(b) · Effective date unknown · s. 479A

s. 479A(1)(b) words inserted by The Statutory Auditors and Third Country Auditors (Amendment) (EU Exit) Regulations 2019 reg. 4(a) · Effective date unknown · s. 479A

s. 479A(2)(c)(i) words inserted by The Statutory Auditors and Third Country Auditors (Amendment) (EU Exit) Regulations 2019 reg. 4(b)(ii) · Effective date unknown · s. 479A

s. 479A(2)(c)(zi) inserted by The Statutory Auditors and Third Country Auditors (Amendment) (EU Exit) Regulations 2019 reg. 4(b)(i) · Effective date unknown · s. 479A

Sch. 10 para. 6(1)(c) substituted by The Statutory Auditors and Third Country Auditors (Amendment) (EU Exit) Regulations 2019 reg. 28(a) · Effective date unknown · Sch. 10 para. 6

Sch. 10 para. 6(2D) inserted by The Statutory Auditors and Third Country Auditors (Amendment) (EU Exit) Regulations 2019 reg. 28(e) · Effective date unknown · Sch. 10 para. 6

Sch. 10 para. 7(2)(a)(ii) words omitted by The Statutory Auditors and Third Country Auditors (Amendment) (EU Exit) Regulations 2019 reg. 29(a) · Effective date unknown · Sch. 10 para. 7

Sch. 10 para. 7(2)(b)(ii) words omitted by The Statutory Auditors and Third Country Auditors (Amendment) (EU Exit) Regulations 2019 reg. 29(a) · Effective date unknown · Sch. 10 para. 7

Sch. 10 para. 7(2A) inserted by The Statutory Auditors and Third Country Auditors (Amendment) (EU Exit) Regulations 2019 reg. 29(b) · Effective date unknown · Sch. 10 para. 7

Act amendment to earlier affecting provision S.I. 2008/373 reg. 3(4) by The Companies (Revision of Defective Accounts and Reports) (Amendment) Regulations 2013 reg. 4 · Effective date unknown

Act amendment to earlier affecting provision S.I. 2008/373 reg. 11(1) by The Companies (Revision of Defective Accounts and Reports) (Amendment) Regulations 2013 reg. 9(a) · Effective date unknown

s. 414A(5) applied by S.I. 2008/373, reg. 4A(2) (as inserted) by The Companies (Revision of Defective Accounts and Reports) (Amendment) Regulations 2013 reg. 5 · Effective date unknown · s. 414A

s. 414D(1)(2) applied (with modifications) by S.I. 2008/373, reg. 4A(1) (as inserted) by The Companies (Revision of Defective Accounts and Reports) (Amendment) Regulations 2013 reg. 5 · Effective date unknown · s. 414D

s. 422A applied (with modifications) by S.I. 2008/373, reg. 6A (as inserted) by The Companies (Revision of Defective Accounts and Reports) (Amendment) Regulations 2013 reg. 6 · Effective date unknown · s. 422A

s. 474(1) word substituted by The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Markets in Financial Instruments) (No.2) Regulations 2017 (revoked) reg. 7(b) · Effective date unknown · s. 474

s. 854-859 amendment to earlier affecting provision S.I. 2009/2436, Sch. 2 para 13(1) by The Information about People with Significant Control (Amendment) Regulations 2017 reg. 34 · Effective date unknown

s. 159A amendment to earlier affecting provision S.I. 2009/1804, reg. 17ZC by The Limited Liability Partnerships (Application of Company Law) (No. 2) Regulations 2024 reg. 4 · Effective date unknown · s. 159A

s. 1002A applied (with modifications) by S.I. 2009/1804, reg. 50A (as inserted) by The Limited Liability Partnerships (Application of Company Law) (No. 2) Regulations 2024 reg. 5 · Effective date unknown · s. 1002A

s. 1024-1028 amendment to earlier affecting provision S.I. 2009/1804, reg. 56 by The Limited Liability Partnerships (Application of Company Law) (No. 2) Regulations 2024 reg. 6 · Effective date unknown

s. 1029-1032 amendment to earlier affecting provision S.I. 2009/1804, reg. 57 by The Limited Liability Partnerships (Application of Company Law) (No. 2) Regulations 2024 reg. 7 · Effective date unknown

s. 1095 amendment to earlier affecting provision S.I. 2004/2326, Sch. 1A para. 5 by The Economic Crime and Corporate Transparency Act 2023 (Consequential, Supplementary and Incidental Provisions) Regulations 2024 Sch. 2 para. 2(2)(b) · Effective date unknown · s. 1095

s. 1127-1133 amendment to earlier affecting provision S.I. 2009/1804, reg. 73 by The Limited Liability Partnerships (Application of Company Law) (No. 2) Regulations 2024 reg. 8 · Effective date unknown

s. 1181 heading words omitted by Leasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024 Sch. 9 para. 13(a) · Effective date unknown · s. 1181

s. 1181(1)(a) omitted by Leasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024 Sch. 9 para. 13(b) · Effective date unknown · s. 1181

s. 1181(4) words omitted by Leasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024 Sch. 9 para. 13(c) · Effective date unknown · s. 1181

s. 1253D(2)(f) omitted by The Companies Act 2006 (Transfer of Audit Working Papers to Third Countries) Regulations 2010 reg. 4(1) · Effective date unknown · s. 1253D

s. 1253D(2)(g) omitted by The Companies Act 2006 (Transfer of Audit Working Papers to Third Countries) Regulations 2010 reg. 4(1) · Effective date unknown · s. 1253D

s. 1253DE(1)(a) words substituted by The Companies Act 2006 (Transfer of Audit Working Papers to Third Countries) Regulations 2010 reg. 4(2)(a) · Effective date unknown · s. 1253DE

s. 1253DE(1)(c) words substituted by The Companies Act 2006 (Transfer of Audit Working Papers to Third Countries) Regulations 2010 reg. 4(2)(b) · Effective date unknown · s. 1253DE

s. 1253E(8) words substituted by The Companies Act 2006 (Transfer of Audit Working Papers to Third Countries) Regulations 2010 reg. 4(3)(a) · Effective date unknown · s. 1253E

s. 1253E(8)(a) words substituted by The Companies Act 2006 (Transfer of Audit Working Papers to Third Countries) Regulations 2010 reg. 4(3)(b) · Effective date unknown · s. 1253E

Sch. 7 para. 5-11 applied by 2014 c. 2, Sch. 1D para. 2(8) (as inserted) by English Devolution and Community Empowerment Act 2026 Sch. 35 · Effective date unknown

Sch. 11A para. 17E-17G substituted for Sch. 11A para. 17A-17D by English Devolution and Community Empowerment Act 2026 Sch. 36 para. 35 · Effective date unknown

Provenance

Every claim the system makes about this text is traceable to these identifiers.

Instrument
uk:ukpga/2006/46
Part
Chapter 3 “Squeeze-out” and “Sell-out”
Version
17c130320052da87380f5984…
Content hash
sha256 9f63c98147637d949b82e8f9…
Source
legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2006/46